In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive Power dispatch method in a wind-integrated Power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive Power generation and active Power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive Power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

A second order differential equation for the energy dissipation rate of turbulence is presented. The derivation procedure is explained. The obtained governing equation is a Euler equation, which integration naturally conduces to Power laws for the energy dissipation rate as a function of the wavenumber, a result that is extended to the energy spectrum of turbulence. Power laws are obtained for the cases of two equal and two different real roots. For the case of two conjugate complex roots, the solution is a sum of sine and cosine functions of the normal logarithm of the wavenumber. The differential equation accrues from a more basic equation obtained through thermodynamic-type steps that joint part of already consolidated empirical and semi-empirical information on turbulence existing in the literature, and is formally analogue to the Thermodynamics equation of thermal radiation. It is also shown that parameters of turbulence like length and velocity scales may be related to this formulation.

Continuous four hours EEG (electroencephalogram) recordings and its Power ‎spectrum analysis using fast Fourier transform (FFT) in urethane anesthetized male ‎Charles Foster rats were performed in two groups: open brain injury and p-CPA ‎‎(para-Chlorophenylalanine) pretreated before brain injury, respectively, and compared ‎with the EEG Power spectrum of control rats. The EEG Power spectrum analysis ‎showed that there was a faster recovery in p-CPA pretreated group than the injury ‎group of rats. The results showed that the p-CPA (a 5-HT inhibitor) prevents ‎pathological changes following brain injury. Simultaneously, the inference can also be ‎drawn that EEG Power spectrum analysis is a useful technique for monitoring the ‎brain injury and its recovery following pharmacological treatments.‎

In this paper, a new method for extending and relaxing the noise-coupling (NC) technique is proposed to enhance the noise-shaping order without adding the number of integrators. The noise-shaping order of the introduced ∑∆ modulator whit applying a second-order noise-coupling technique is enhanced and its performance with optimizing the noise transfer function (NTF) zeros is improved. Also, by removing the analog adder at feedforward path and transferring it to a new feedback branch before the last integrator and adding second-order NC path can be decreased the input voltage swing to the quantizer. Thus, by improving the modulator resolution, Power consumption can be reduced. Mathematical analyses and behavioural simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new NC method. To examine its performance, a 2nd-order single loop ΣΔ modulator was designed. The new noise-coupling method is used to achieve the three-order noise shaping to increase the resolution with low complexity and low-Power. The results show an outstanding improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) compared to the conventional structure.

Design spectrums are used to compute seismic demand in structural design process. Therefore, seismic designcodes try to provide safety margin in performance of structures by developing appropriate design Spectra. Thedesign Spectra in Iranian seismic design code (Standard No. 2800) were developed via the analysis of differentearthquake response Spectra. In Standard 2800, a mapped PGA value for 10% in 50 years used as an anchor point toproduce the design spectrum at a desired point. Meanwhile, this approach fails to provide a quantitative safetymargin as claimed in design code. Furthermore, their accuracy have not yet been examined by conventionalapproach such as uniform hazard Spectra (UHS), which is conventionally employed by many design codes such asEurocode 8 (1998). Spectral ordinates of UHS have equal probability of exceedance (PE) across all periods ofvibration. Therefore, designed structures with recent design spectrums have the same imposed seismic hazard level.An attempt was made in this study to directly examine the accuracy of proposed design Spectra in Standard 2800by those of UHS derived in Tehran Megacity as a case study. For this purpose, the area under study is divided into632 grids with a 1 km × 1 km area. The hazard curve was calculated by considering the soil type at each grid pointas defined in Standard 2800 from hard to soft (I to IV). The number of grids fall at each soil type are 10, 465, 150and 7 points for I, II, III and IV soil types, respectively. Hazard curves at the grid points were calculated and wereused to compute uniform hazard Spectra for 2% and 10% PE in 50 years (return periods of 2475 and 475 years,respectively). For each soil type, the mean of uniform hazard Spectra at different grid points with the same soil typewere calculated, which were used as a representative uniform hazard spectrum for that soil type. The derivedrepresentative uniform hazard Spectra for 10% PE in 50 years were compared with those proposed in Standard 2800for different soil types. Furthermore, Spectral acceleration ratio of uniform hazard with respect to those fromStandard 2800 at periods of 0.2 s and 1.0 s were computed and were compared for the whole points according totheir soil types. The outcomes reveal that the Spectral acceleration in design Spectra of Standard 2800 are larger thanthose in UHS for all the periods, especially for the periods larger than 0.5 s for soil types I and II. Meanwhile, theSpectral accelerations of Standard 2800 become almost the same at periods lower than 0.5 s, and again becomelarger than UHS at periods larger than 0.5 s for soil types III and IV. In general, it is found that the proposed designSpectra in Standard 2800 are conservative. This may need further examine by more recent approach such as uniformrisk, and then being considered in future revision of Standard 2800.

For two graphs G and H with n and m vertices, the corona G  H of G and H is the graph obtained by taking one copy of G and n copies of H and then joining the ith vertex of G to every vertex in the ith copy of H. The neighborhood corona G ⋆ H of G and H is the graph obtained by taking one copy of G and n copies of H and joining every neighbor of the ith vertex of G to every vertex in the ith copy of H. In this paper, we de ne four new extensions of corona and neighborhood corona of two graphs G and H; named the identity-extended corona, identity-extended neighborhood corona, neighborhood extended corona and neighborhood extended neighborhood corona and then determine the spectrum of their adjacency matrix, where H is a regular graph. As an application, we exhibit in nite families of integral graphs.